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无穷小(Infinitesimal)的数学定义

 毫无疑问,莱布尼兹是无穷小(理想数)的发明者。如果莱布尼兹能够穿越时空来到现在,当他看到人们把以零为极限的函数叫做“无穷小”时,一定会笑掉大牙。莱布尼兹为什么会笑掉大牙?当年莱布尼兹发明的无穷小的现代数学定义如下:

I.THE EXTENSION PRINCIPLE

(a)The real numbers form a subset of the hyperreal numbers, and theorder relation x < y for the real numbers is a subset of the orderrelation for the hyperreal numbers.

(b)There is a hyperreal number that is greater than zero but less thanevery positive real number.

(c)For every real function f of one or more variables we are given acorresponding hyperreal function f* of the same number of variables.f* is called the natural extension of f .

Part(a) of the Extension Principle says that the real line is a part ofthe hyperreal line. To explain part (b) of the Extension Principle,we give a careful definition of an infinitesimal.

DEFINITION

Ahyperreal number b is said to be:

      positiveinfinitesimal if b is positive but less than every positive realnumber.

      negativeinfinitesimal if b is negative but greater than every negativereal number.

 Infinitesimal if b is either positive infinitesimal, negative infinitesimal. orzero.

       由以上所述,我们可以看出,无穷小只有在超实数系*R里面才有严格定义,只不过无穷小相对于传统实数而言更为接近零点而已。如果两个超实数相差一个无穷小,则称两者“无限接近”。......看到超实数,莱布尼兹终于微笑了,因为,这就是莱布尼兹所梦寐以求的东西。我们要为莱布尼兹的无穷小理论进行辩护,责无旁贷也。

       无穷小是否存在?这是另一个问题。如果无穷小存在,那么,它就应当是这个样子。在1948年,28岁的数学家EdwinHewitt(1920-1999)发明了超实数(Hyperreals),至今已经有60多年了。但是,我们国内的大学生们还不知道超实数是什么,那么,怎么做好”中国梦“呢?我们要做一个“超级梦”(Hyperdream)!

       说明:以上英文原文摘自J.Keisler《基础微积分》的原著。希望大家认真研读,透彻领会其中的基本思想。

 

补充:综合编程 , 其他综合 ,
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